| Reducing CO2 Through Excise Duties This paper considers the distributional effects of imposing additional excise duties on energy products according to carbon content. The assumed duties escalate from 1999 to 2010 and achieve levels reducing CO2 emissions by 10 per cent below baseline by 2010 for 11 EU member states. By 2010, real personal disposable incomes are 1.6 per cent above baseline and employment is 1.2 per cent above, assuming that the change is tax-revenue-neutral. The study concludes that the changes will be weakly regressive for nearly all the member states in the study if revenues are used to reduce employers? taxes and strongly progressive if they are given back lump-sum to households. " Equity and ecotax reform in the EU: achieving a 10 per cent reduction in CO2 emissions using excise duties" by Terry Barker and Jonathan Köhler,. | By Institute for Fiscal Studies, UK. | Climate Change Policy Resource. |
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| Vehicle Fuel Taxes. Recent increases in the price of petrol have led to the current debate about the rate that petrol is taxed in the UK. Although rising oil prices have contributed to the increased cost, the government has been criticised for imposing a high tax rate on petrol and other road fuels. In this briefing note, Zoë Smith looks at the arguments for and against a fuel tax. "The petrol tax debate" is published by the Institute for Fiscal Studies. | By Institute for Fiscal Stdies, UK. | Climate Change Policy Resource. |
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| Climate Change and Basic Income. The Sky Trust initiative is a proposal to use market-based incentives to efficiently reduce the U.S. economy?s massive output of greenhouse gases. All entities introducing fossil fuels into the U.S. economy would be required to obtain emission permits for the carbon in that fuel. The U.S. government would auction emission permits for 1.346 billion metric tons of carbon, the 1990 emission level. Initially 75% of the receipts from government sales of emission permits would be returned in equal annual payments to each U.S. legal resident. In the plan?s first year, 25 percent of proceeds from sale of permits would be made available to offset any unusual burdens imposed on either producers (firms or employees) or on consumers (such as people who must drive long distances). | By Centre for Economic Development, US. | Climate Change Policy Resource. |
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| The Costs of Kyoto. This paper presents an estimation of the cost of reducing CO2 emissions as agreed in Kyoto by Annex 1 countries. It focuses on European Union countries abatement costs and, using a simple model, estimates the role of each EU country within a EU market as well as an Annex 1 market. The marginal (and total) abatement costs for each EU country, as well as the EU total cost, are presented. "Kyoto Commitment And Emissions Trading: A European Union Perspective" by Umberto Ciorba, Alessandro Lanza and Francesco Pauli. | By CRENos, Italy. | Climate Change Policy Resource. |
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