| Europe's Armed Forces. Many European nations are currently re-thinking their post-Cold War military requirements in light of NATO's new strategic concept and the experience of the Kosovo war. This article analyzes the process of defense restructuring and modernization in France, the United Kingdom, and Germany. In each case, it offers an overview of current military posture and closely examines the plans for change in force structure, equipment procurement, and personnel policies. The article also attends to various constraints on defense planning, including military traditions, economic conditions, and domestic politics. It concludes that current plans lack sufficient strategic clarity and also suffer from a number of incongruities or "mismatches" -- for instance, between missions, planned structures, and available resources. "Europe's Armed Forces at the Millennium: A Case Study of Change in France, the United Kingdom, and Germany", by Lutz Unterseher. | By Project on Defense Alternatives , US. | Defense Policy Resource. |
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| A Standing Army for the United Nations? This report reviews the problems of contemporary peace operations, recent reform proposals, and the requirements for successful operations. It includes a detailed proposal for enhancing and reorganizing the capacities of the UN to support and direct peace operations and for establishing a UN legion of three brigades. "Vital Force: A Proposal for the Overhaul of the UN Peace Operations System and for the Creation of a UN Legion", by Carl Conetta and Charles Knight. | By Project on Defense Alternatives, US. | Defense Policy Resource. |
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| Evaluating the Afghan War. "Strange Victory: A critical appraisal of Operation Enduring Freedom and the Afghanistan war" One of the first in-depth retrospectives on the war in Afghanistan to analyze military activity and outcomes in the context of political objectives and consequences for national and regional stability. Includes appendices addressing: the war's impact on the humanitarian crisis; the missing political framework for American action; the source of power and the strategy of the Taliban; the limits of the Bonn agreement and the challenges facing the interim government. By Carl Conetta. | By Project on Defense Alternatives, US. | Defense Policy Resource. |
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| German Defense Planning. Lutz Unterseher reviews recent German defense planning, paying attention to the difficulty of reconciling personnel and force modernization goals within the budget constraints imposed by the process of currency integration in the European Union. He also assesses the effect of the Bundeswehr's new emphasis on power projection on German defense budgeting and planning. Also see the update "German Defense Spending: Insufficient Adjustment." | By Project on Defense Alternatives, US. | Defense Policy Resource. |
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